Methods: Eleven expert drummers (ED) and eleven amateur drummers (AD) were recorded using 3D motion capture while performing five different uni-manual and bi-manual repetitive drumming tasks across different tempi. In this study we examine how muscle activation patterns develop with increased drumming expertise. In drumming, co-contraction can lead to increased movement variability and greater fatigue over time. In contrast, simultaneous contraction of antagonist muscles is an inefficient muscle activation pattern. ![]() Muscle activation patterns that involve reciprocal contraction of antagonist muscles are particularly favorable as they enable a high level of muscular economy while maintaining performance. ![]() Deploying specific muscle activation patterns may help achieve these requirements. ![]() Background and Aim: Drumming requires excellent motor control and temporal coordination.
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